Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, occurs when abnormal cells in the kidney grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. It is one of the top 10 most common cancers in both men and women. While the exact cause of kidney cancer often remains unknown, researchers have identified several key risk factors that can increase a person’s likelihood of developing this disease.
In this blog, we’ll explore the known and suspected causes of kidney cancer and the factors that may put you at higher risk.
1. Smoking
One of the most well-established risk factors for kidney cancer is smoking. Smokers are about twice as likely to develop kidney cancer compared to non-smokers. Harmful chemicals in cigarettes can enter the bloodstream, get filtered through the kidneys, and cause damage that may lead to cancerous changes over time.
2. Obesity
Being overweight or obese increases the risk of several cancers, including kidney cancer. Excess body fat may alter hormone levels such as insulin and estrogen, which can promote the growth of cancer cells. Studies have shown a strong link between high BMI (body mass index) and the incidence of renal cell carcinoma, the most common type of kidney cancer.
3. High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)
People with high blood pressure — even if it’s controlled with medication — have an increased risk of kidney cancer. While the exact mechanism is unclear, chronic high blood pressure may damage the blood vessels in the kidneys over time, creating conditions that favor cancer development.
4. Family History and Genetics
If you have a close relative (parent, sibling, or child) who has had kidney cancer, your own risk is elevated. Inherited conditions such as von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, and hereditary papillary renal carcinoma are rare but strongly associated with kidney cancer.
5. Exposure to Harmful Substances
Prolonged exposure to certain industrial chemicals like asbestos, cadmium, and some herbicides may increase the risk of kidney cancer. Occupations involving heavy metals or petroleum products may carry higher risks as well.
6. Long-Term Dialysis
Patients with end-stage renal disease on long-term dialysis have a higher risk of developing acquired cystic kidney disease, which can lead to kidney cancer. While this is less common, it’s a known concern for those undergoing years of dialysis treatment.
7. Gender and Age
Men are almost twice as likely to develop kidney cancer as women. The risk also increases with age, typically peaking after the age of 50.
8. Certain Medications
Some studies suggest a possible link between long-term use of certain pain medications (especially phenacetin, now banned in many countries) and increased kidney cancer risk. Always consult your doctor before starting or continuing any medication.
Reducing Your Risk
While not all risk factors can be controlled — such as age or family history — many lifestyle-related risks can be managed. Here’s how to lower your chances of developing kidney cancer:
Quit smoking
Maintain a healthy weight
Manage your blood pressure
Stay physically active
Limit exposure to harmful chemicals
Eat a balanced diet with plenty of fruits and vegetables
Conclusion
Understanding what causes kidney cancer is a critical step in prevention and early detection. If you fall into one or more high-risk categories, talk to your doctor about screening options and ways to lower your risk. Remember, early diagnosis greatly improves treatment outcomes.
If you’re looking for expert guidance, Dr. Rahul Jena is one of the best urologists in Bhubaneswar, specializing in kidney-related conditions and urologic cancers. His experience and patient-centered approach make him a trusted name in urology care across Odisha.
For personalized advice or to schedule a kidney health screening, reach out to Dr. Rahul Jena or visit a reputable urology clinic near you.